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Homework - Essay Example The affected age group being mostly children, the analysis is that OM generates indirect costs owing to lost time from school and work creating a significant social burden. A good nurse protocol for otitis media in children aged six to twelve years old should clearly define OM; identify its natural history without antibacterial treatment, measure relative effectiveness of these antibacterial regimens in prevention of clinical failure (Forgie and Zhanel et al., 2009, p. 457). Otitis media is the presence of purulent fluid inside the middle ear, which is associated with symptoms and signs of systemic or acute local illness. It is most prevalent during winter months in children especially six to seven years old and below. Otitis media is commonly seen after a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. It has been especially noted to result from dysfunction of the Eustachian tube preventing the effective drainage of middle ear fluid. The clinician or nurse should be aware that the client has an antecedent event, either an allergy or infection that results in congestion and edema of the mucosa of the middle ear, Eustachian tube, as well as the nasopharynx. Flow of the middle ear secretions is impeded following the Eustachian tubes congestion. This often increases negative pressure further causing fluid to be pulled into the middle ear. Increase in middle ear secretions causes growth of microbial pathogens resulting in otitis media. Treatment protocol in diagnosis and prescription establishes common pathogens as Streptococcus pyrogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, as well as viral infection. Recent studies show that in 6 – 12 year olds infections have increased because of organisms that produce beta-lactamase and bacterial resistance to drugs (Barnett and Klein,

Patient Risk Essay Example for Free

Patient Risk Essay This example of a reflective essay is presented in association with Price, B and Harrington, A (2013) Critical Thinking and Writing for Nursing Students, London, Learning Matters. Readers are introduced to the process of critical and reflective thinking and the translation of these into coursework that will help them to achieve better grades in nursing courses. Stewart, Raymet, Fatima and Gina are four students who share their learning journey throughout the chapters of the book. In this essay on the assessment of pain, Raymet demonstrates her reflective writing skills near the end of her course. Raymet had by this stage written several reflective practice essays and gained good marks. This time though she was encouraged to deepen her reflections, speculating selectively on how the account of pain experienced by a patient (Mrs Drew) might help her to work more creatively with patient perceptions and reported needs. N.B. Remember, copying essays such as this, submitting them as a whole or in part for assessment purposes, without attributing the source of the material, may leave you open to the charge of plagiarism. Significant sanctions may follow for nurses who do this, including referral to the Nursing and Midwifery Council. Assessing Mrs Drew’s Pain Mc Caffery and Pasero (1999) state that pain is what the patient says it is. If we accept that point, then nurses need to explore the patient’s perceptions of pain, as well as their report of experiences. The two are not quite the same. Patients may report their pain in a variety of ways, dependent on the nature and the intensity of pain and the context in which it is felt (e.g. whether they are ever distracted from the pain). Their perception of pain is a little more though and it includes the meaning that the pain has for them. It includes explanation of why the pain is there in the first place, what it indicates about their body and what it could  suggest might happen in the future (getting better, getting worse). The nurse assesses the account of pain shared by the patient, and this may be given in the form of a story. This is how it began, this is how it felt, this is what that meant to me and this is what I did about it (Mishler et al. 2006) In this essay I explore the assessment of pain as conducted with one 60 year old patient whom I will call Mrs Drew. Whilst the essay describes an assessment of pain with a single patient, I try to share too some ideas and questions that this provokes within me about pain assessment more generally. Mrs Drew made me think about other patients, future assessments and what I had to do as a nurse to help patients. To help structure this essay I use the framework described by Gibbs (1988). Whilst the episode concerned relates a stage in Mrs Drew’s illness when she challenged her treatment protocol, it also includes some of the memories and thoughts that this patient refers to regarding her earlier illness and past ways of coping with pain. In particular, it prompted me to question to what extent I as a nurse should recommend analgesia, drawing on what I had been taught about the effective control of pain. I had learned that it was better to control rather than to chase pain ( e.g. Mann and Carr, 2006; Forbes, 2007). Mrs Drew was diagnosed with lung cancer a year earlier and had initially had her illness treated by chemotherapy. This had helped her to achieve a remission that lasted for nearly ten months (Hunt et al, 2009 describe the prognosis of this disease). The cancer had returned though and spread to her spine and it was here that she experienced most of her pain.It was at this stage that the doctors explained that her care would now be directed towards her comfort rather than a cure—to which she had replied, ‘you mean palliative care’. Mrs Drew was supported at home by her husband Neil and visited on a regular basis by community based nurses to whom I was attached as part of my student nurse training. She was prescribed oral morphine and could decide within stated limits how many tablets she could take in any one 24 hour period. The situation I had visited Mrs Drew on several occasions over the period of a month when the community nurse and I were confronted by a tearful patient who announced that she did not wish to take the oral opiates quite as often as we were recommending. As she spoke she held her husband’s hand tightly, looking across to him as she described her experiences and feelings about the matter. Yes, there had been some bad nights when the pain had woken her and she had to sit up and watch television to try and distract herself. Yes, sometimes the pain made her feel nauseous, but she was alarmed at how frequently she was taking the ‘pain tablets’ and how this made her feel about herself. However well meant the medication was, it didn’t feel dignified to be so reliant on drugs, or quite so sleepy and unresponsive for such a high percentage of the day. Whilst the analgesia was working well when she took the tablets, the quality of life wasn’t what she wanted. The community nurse listened patiently to Mrs Drew and then explained that it was normal to have panic moments about such medication. Morphine had a reputation, one that people associated with misuse of drugs, rather than their therapeutic use. Used on a regular basis, the drug wouldn’t cause addiction and it would provide a great deal of reassurance to Mr Drew as well. The community nurse stated that she was quite sure that he respected his wife’s need to sleep when she wished and to build the rhythm of the day around her needs. At this point Mrs Drew shook her husband’s hand, and said, ‘tell her†¦tell her what we’ve talked about!’ Mr Drew then explained that his wife was used to dealing with pain, she had suffered recurrent pain in her neck and shoulder after a road traffic accident some years before. The pain had sometimes been severe, but he had massaged her shoulders and used heat packs that she found soothing. They had decided that they wished to use this technique now, keeping the morphine for absolute emergencies, when she was losing sleep and couldn’t eat as a result of the discomfort. The community nurse assured them that they were in charge of the analgesia and would be allowed to make their own decisions. She started to make notes though, and announced that she was making a referral to the cancer pain clinic, something that would help them to take stock of the situation. There was very good reason to suppose that this might be a problem associated with choosing the right dosage of the  morphine, rather than using supplemental pain relief measures. Mrs Drew responded sharply, ‘You’re not listening to me though Jane (the community nurse’s name—a pseudonym is used here), I want to use heat packs instead of morphine, at least during the day. I want to be more alive with my husband.’ The community nurse assured Mrs Drew that she had heard what she had said and respected her point of view. There would though be nothing lost by using the clinic to gain a further check on this matter. With that she excused us, explaining that we had a further appointment that morning and we left, having checked that Mrs Drew had a sufficient supply of her different medicines. As we walked to the car the community nurse empathised with Mrs Drew’s plight, saying that if she had lung cancer she would probably grasp at straws too. She would reach out for things that seemed more normal, and then observed, ‘but this isn’t normal is it, the pain she has isn’t normal. It’s not just a whip lash injury and old age.’ Feelings I remember that during this episode feeling a mixture of confusion, surprise, anger and impotence. Mrs Drew had surprised me by the way she had spoken, using what seemed to be a planned announcement. They had waited for and perhaps rehearsed this moment. Nothing in my experience to date had prepared me for such an encounter, at least in such circumstances, where we as nurses were so obviously working to support the patient. It was only later that I called the episode a confrontation. Mr and Mrs Drew had confronted the community nurse and I had been the largely silent witness to the event. As the discussion proceeded I remember making supportive noises, remarking how useful heat packs sometimes were and glancing across at Jane, who seemed to be signalling with her expression that I should leave this debate to her. I was trying to read her reactions to the Drew’s points and concluded that if I couldn’t support her arguments to the patient, then I should remain silent. The re were issues here that I perhaps hadn’t enough experience to deal with, at least, whilst ‘thinking on my feet’. My initial anger (with Mrs Drew for not acknowledging all that we were trying to do) quickly became displaced towards my colleague Jane. During the event I couldn’t explain why that was, but afterwards, when I made notes, I realised that it was because she seemed to have set the agenda in her own mind and to be requiring the patient to comply with concerns of her own. Put rather crudely, Jane seemed to be saying, listen I know about these things, this is a phase, an anxiety; you can work through all this. I believed at this point that she had missed the significance of the event, the way in which the Drew’s had arranged the conversation. For them, this was not a phase at all, but a considered and very important decision, one that they wanted the nurses to accept (Freshwater, 2002 and Edwards and Elwyn, 2009 emphasize the importance of negotiated care planning). My feelings of impotence were associated strongly with my lack of clinical experience. I have met this before. No matter how many placements I do, no matter how good the mentoring I receive, I keep meeting situations where I am unsure about how to respond next. I feel younger, less knowledgeable than I should be at this stage in my training. I want to reassure patients, to support colleagues and to give good advice, but there is not enough confidence to do that. If I felt unsettled and uncertain about Jane’s response to the Drew’s, right then I couldn’t easily explain that. I couldn’t offer a second opinion, couldn’t suggest an idea that might help support the patient. To my annoyance I couldn’t manage that either as we left the house. Jane had made some fair points, she  clearly seemed concerned about the patient’s needs, but perhaps she hadn’t spotted the right need—for Mrs Drew to determine in greater part how she de alt with her illness. Experience evaluated Afterwards, this short episode prompted doubts and debates about several important aspects of nursing for me. Setting aside the etiquette of learning in clinical practice, not challenging a qualified nurse in front of a  patient, there were problems here associated with supporting patient dignity, with my assumptions relating to analgesia and pain control strategies, and I realised, with my assumptions about types of pain and who had the expertise to define these. Dignity is more than simply using the appropriate terms of address, protecting the privacy of patients and attending to their expressed concerns (Price, 2004). It is about clarifying the ways in which they live and accommodate illness or treatment. It is about finding out what benchmarks they use to say that ‘yes, I am doing well here, this makes me feel good about myself’. Upon reflection, I sense that we on this occasion had not worked hard enough to discover how Mr and Mrs Drew define quality of life, or being in charge of their situation. We were more concerned with providing resources, sharing research or theory about medication and questioning the familiar misconceptions associated with morphine. To put it simply, we were ‘missing a trick’, reading the encounter as something that had happened many times before—the report of problems or anxieties, a request for help, rather than a decision that the patient and her carer had already come to. Reading situations well seemed, with the benefit of hindsight, to be the first basis for dignified care. ‘What is happening here, what will help the patient most?’ were questions that we perhaps assumed that we already knew the answer to. I realised that in my training I had already accepted the argument that patients would wish to remain pain free come what may and that the tackling of fears about prospective pain, was something that nurses engaged in. I assumed that because cancer pain represented such a major threat, because it was greater and more all encompassing, that there was little or no doubt that it should be removed. What was so unsettling, and took so much time to examine, was that Mrs Drew acknowledged the possible severity of metastatic cancer pain, but that she still preferred to respond to it using measures that had worked for her whiplash neck injury. Mrs Drew was willing to trade off a pain free state for something that gave her a greater sense of control and which perhaps enabled her husband to express his support for her in a very tangible way (preparing heat packs, massaging her back, rather than simply giving her the tablets). Mr and Mrs Drew questioned all my assumptions about best analgesia pr actice, and seemed to write a large  question mark on the textbooks I had read about chasing rather than controlling pain in palliative care situations (Mann and Carr, 2006). Reflections (learning opportunities) The episode with Mrs Drew left me uncomfortable because my past approach to pain management was theoretical. I (and I believe Jane too) regularly made use of science to decide what could be done as regards pain relief and to assume that patients would wish to achieve all of those benefits. This wasn’t about local applications of heat versus morphine, Mrs Drew could use both, it was about choice and how patients made choices—why they reached the decisions that they did. It was for me, about accepting very personally, that providing that patients are given all the relevant facts, alerted to the options, that they really are able to make choices that work for them. The very fact that Mrs Drews illness was now incurable, that she and her husband usually tackled pain together, meant that her solution to the challenge was different to those that many other patients arrived at. Having dealt with this pain for some time, knowing that it could and probably would get worse, meant that she was better equipped than other less experienced patients to make a decision here. This took nothing away from the benefits of sharing further discussion with pain clinic experts. I thought, Mrs Drew will stand her ground, she will insist on doing things her way if her husband is strong too. What it did highlight though was the importance of listening to patients, hearing how they perceive pain, how they narrate not only the pain but what they did about it. In this instance the narration was all about dignity, and coping, and finding ways to help one another and how this enables us to feel in the face of such a terrible illness. So, in telling us about her pain, what she did about it, using morphine when it was ‘absolutely required’, Mrs Drew was not reporting her ignorance of what could be achieved if the medication was used differently, but what she preferred to do as it enabled her to achieve different goals. Mrs Drew’s goals were about liveliness, alertness and stoicism, showing that she could bear at least a measure of pain. I wondered why I hadn’t listened carefully enough to such a story? Was it because of time pressure, or perhaps complacency, that Jane and I felt that we already knew what account would be  shared? Did we think that the patient would ask for help, more help, as the pain continued? If so, then our guesses had prompted us to behave as experts, and problem solvers, on the patient’s behalf. Perhaps hearing a patient narrative is about discovering what sort of role they would like you to fulfil. If so, then it might be a difficult role. I thought hard about how hard this was for Jane. She was going to be asked to witness Mrs Drew’s future pain, one that was now less perfectly controlled. She was going to be asked to reassure, to suggest measures that might help, without reminding the patient that she ‘already knew that you couldn’t manage pain that way!’ When I think about it now, that is very stressful for a nurse. It is about caring and allowing patient’s to make choices that we personally might not make. Conclusions I have drawn then three conclusions from the above reflection. First, that being patient centred is never easy and requires real listening and interpretation skills. My criticism of what Jane chose to do, to try and dissuade Mrs Drew from a course of action, recommending further appraisal of the situation, is an easy one to make. Nurses confront situations such as this relatively unprepared and react as considerately as possible. It is easy in hindsight to recommend other responses, a further exploration of what motivated Mrs Drew’s pain management preferences. Second, that experience can be a valuable teacher, the equal of textbooks. If nurses are interested in care, then we should be concerned with the sense that patients make of their own illness, the treatment or support that they receive. We need to understand what patients have to teach us and have to acknowledge that this means that we won’t always seem in control ourselves, expert and knowledgeable. Our expertise might be elsewhere, helping patients to reach their own decisions. Third, that one way to understand patient perspectives on illness or treatment, on pain management in this example, is to hear how they talk  about the situation. How do they describe the pain, how do they refer to what they did about it? The way in which the story is shared, how we coped, how this made us feel, is as important as the facts related. Sometimes a patient needs to feel stalwart, even heroic in the face of illness. Future care It would be foolish and unprofessional to recommend to other patients that they might not wish to remove pain, or that overcoming pain doesn’t always mean we don’t continue to experience it. For every Mrs Drew there may be many other patients who would welcome the complete removal of pain, so that they can die calmly, quietly, with their own version of dignity. But it does seem to me, that it will be worth thinking about the diversity of patients and how they prefer to cope when I assess pain and help manage this problem in the future. I won’t be able to walk away from the responsibility of debating whether I have explained all that I could, detailed the strengths and limitations of different ways of coping. I will need to find reflection time to ponder what patients have said and if necessary to go back and say, ‘I’ve been thinking some more about your words last week..’ knowing that this doesn’t make me any the less professional. References Edwards, A and Elwyn, G (2009) Shared decision-making in health care: achieving evidencebased patient choice, 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press Forbes, K (2007) Opiods in cancer pain, Oxford, Oxford University Press Freshwater, D (2002) Therapeutic nursing: improving patient care through self awareness, London, Sage. Gibbs G (1988) Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods, Oxford, Oxford Polytechnic Further Education unit Hunt, I., Muers, M and Treasure, T (2009) ABC of lung cancer, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell/BMJ Books Mann, E and Carr, E (2006) Pain management, Oxford, Blackwell McCaffery, M and Pasero, C (1999) Pain: Clinical manual, Mosby, Philadelphia Mishler, E., Rapport, F and Wainwright, P (2006) The self in health and illness: patients, professionals and narrative identity, Oxford, Radcliffe Publishing Ltd Price, B (2004) Demonstrating respect for patient dignity, Nursing Standard, 19(12), 45-51

Outline Of Consciousness :: essays research papers

Section 4: Consciousness Pages 114-117 I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defining Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is commonly defined as being aware of the immediate environment. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, knowing when to go to class or work. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness also deals with awareness of your thoughts, feelings, and memories. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Making plans for dates. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting annoyed at your performance in school. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thinking back about good times with your friends. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early psychologists and their studies i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When early psychologists studied the mind, they studied consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Wundt (late 1880’s) had subjects report contents of consciousness while working, falling asleep, and sitting still. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud (1900’s) wrote that needs, desires, and influences are part of the conscious and people have different levels of consciousness. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Started by French philosopher Rene Descartes stated that mind and body are separate, but interacting. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism says that one thing cannot exist without it’s opposite. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light cannot exist without darkness. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good cannot exist without the presence of evil. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The body cannot function without the mind, and so forth. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Materialism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that our mental activity is rooted in the brain. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dominant perspective with modern psychologists. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tends to take a less black and white view of â€Å"consciousness† versus â€Å"unconsciousness.† iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that you are more aware of certain mental processes over others. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, doing the same routine at work and time seems to go by faster. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists ignore the unconscious. They call it the deliberate versus the automatic. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different levels of Consciousness i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud and other cognitive psychologists came up with this theory. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is a continuum. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alert attention b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreaming c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypnosis d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug-induced states 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone who isn’t paying attention is still conscious, just not â€Å"as conscious† as someone that is alert. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Believes that drinking will bring you into a lower level of consciousness. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you are in a state of consciousness that is different from what you normally are, you are in an altered state of consciousness. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you are asleep, however, you are in a state of â€Å"turned off† consciousness. (Hobson, 1994) ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Metacognition 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being able to think about their own thinking. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May allow them to access levels of consciousness that are not available to other people. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, people’s natural sleep timers. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researched by asking people to track their consciousness, alertness, and moods over a length of time. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Found out that there is a natural rhythm to consciousness. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functions of Consciousness 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to monitor our mental and physical states. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to control our mental and physical states, to an extant. iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is consciousness? 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General state of being aware of and responsive to events in the environment, as well as one’s own mental processes. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theories of Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several researchers suggested biological theories of consciousness. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used evolution of the brain as the key to consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaynes (1976) believed that consciousness came from the different functions of the hemispheres of the brain. Outline Of Consciousness :: essays research papers Section 4: Consciousness Pages 114-117 I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defining Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is commonly defined as being aware of the immediate environment. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, knowing when to go to class or work. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness also deals with awareness of your thoughts, feelings, and memories. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Making plans for dates. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting annoyed at your performance in school. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thinking back about good times with your friends. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early psychologists and their studies i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When early psychologists studied the mind, they studied consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Wundt (late 1880’s) had subjects report contents of consciousness while working, falling asleep, and sitting still. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud (1900’s) wrote that needs, desires, and influences are part of the conscious and people have different levels of consciousness. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Started by French philosopher Rene Descartes stated that mind and body are separate, but interacting. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dualism says that one thing cannot exist without it’s opposite. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light cannot exist without darkness. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good cannot exist without the presence of evil. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The body cannot function without the mind, and so forth. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Materialism i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that our mental activity is rooted in the brain. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dominant perspective with modern psychologists. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tends to take a less black and white view of â€Å"consciousness† versus â€Å"unconsciousness.† iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists say that you are more aware of certain mental processes over others. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, doing the same routine at work and time seems to go by faster. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists ignore the unconscious. They call it the deliberate versus the automatic. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different levels of Consciousness i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud and other cognitive psychologists came up with this theory. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consciousness is a continuum. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alert attention b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreaming c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypnosis d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug-induced states 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Someone who isn’t paying attention is still conscious, just not â€Å"as conscious† as someone that is alert. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Believes that drinking will bring you into a lower level of consciousness. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you are in a state of consciousness that is different from what you normally are, you are in an altered state of consciousness. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you are asleep, however, you are in a state of â€Å"turned off† consciousness. (Hobson, 1994) ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Metacognition 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being able to think about their own thinking. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May allow them to access levels of consciousness that are not available to other people. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, people’s natural sleep timers. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researched by asking people to track their consciousness, alertness, and moods over a length of time. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Found out that there is a natural rhythm to consciousness. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functions of Consciousness 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to monitor our mental and physical states. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allows us to control our mental and physical states, to an extant. iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is consciousness? 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General state of being aware of and responsive to events in the environment, as well as one’s own mental processes. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theories of Consciousness a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several researchers suggested biological theories of consciousness. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used evolution of the brain as the key to consciousness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaynes (1976) believed that consciousness came from the different functions of the hemispheres of the brain.

Running Head: Airline Industry

Globalisation of world economies is forcing countries and companies alike to improve their competitiveness in the global market. This being the case, the American airlines industry is set for a shake-up given that thee sector is heavily shielded from external competition by the American government (Marketplace, 2008).This is because the ever increasing demand for national and international travel is creating bigger markets for airlines that can efficiently meet travellers needs, something that American companies become disadvantaged. In order to position themselves better in the global market, global airlines have been merging in order to take advantage of economies of scale and increase connectivity among their routes (Haran, 2008).The biggest merger so far has been between the Holland based KLM and the Paris   based Air France. With regard to American airline companies, the government has protected the industry for too long such that they are loosing out on the good fortunes that have befallen the industry. As a contribution to the debate of current trend in the Unites States' airline industry, this paper shall concentrate on the recent merger indications between several US based airlines that were sparked by Delta and Northwest Airlines.The first section shall deal with the current situation in the industry, the second with the increasing need to open the industry to internal and global competition, and the third section, with reasons behind the current merger trend between within US Aniline companies. The sections shall be followed by a conclusion listing all the microeconomic issues discussed in the paper.Current State of the IndustryThe US airline industry has for long been an oligopolistic market dominated by several airlines. However, the increasing entry of budget airline in the industry has given the bigger players a run for their money, meaning that oligopolistic traits are increasingly being replaced by the competitive characteristics.The bigger a nd old players in the market face the headache of dealing with ageing aircraft that need constant repair (George, 2008). This means that costs of production has been increasing with rime, as the planes get older. Secondly, these big players find themselves being captive of labor unions representing employees, some of whom have operated with the airlines for decades. These kinds of increases in the cost of their operating mean that consumers of their services would pay more for travel.Contrary, budget airlines find themselves with newer aircraft that do not require constant repairs, reason being that they are relatively new in the market. In this regard, the budget airlines are able to operate at lower costs and therefore charge competitive fares for their services, much to the detriment of bigger and well established players.Budget airlines are less affected by union demands. In addition, the older airlines have for many years invested in other facilities whose maintainable increase s the cost of operating their businesses, which further means that budget airlines would continue   to out-compete their well established rivals.

Do Not Go Gently Into That Good Night

Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† is a villanelle style poem written by Dylan Thomas, and is the poem he is best known for. It was left untitled by the poet therefore the first line of the poem became the title. The speaker in the poem begins by telling the reader to â€Å"not go gentle into that good night† line 1 using night as a metaphor for death. The theme of death is repeated at the end of line 2 with â€Å"close of day† and in line 3 with â€Å"dying of the light. By the end of the first stanza it is obvious this poem is speaking of death and stating that old men should not accept it peacefully but to should â€Å"burn† and â€Å"rave† against it with great intensity. In the second stanza of the poem the speaker tells us that â€Å"wise men at their end know dark is right,† line 4 the speaker is telling us that death is inevitable. To every beginning there is an end and we will all face death at some point, a wise man knows and accepts this fate. This stanza also tells us that as we are nearing the end of our lives we tend to reflect back to the impact we made on the world.Since â€Å"there words had forked no lightening† line 5 the speaker suggest that they had made little impact on the world in which they had lived and could not simply give into death without a fight. In the third stanza the speaker proposes that â€Å"good men† fight the inevitable with all their might. Thomas uses the image of a wave â€Å"last wave by, crying how bright† line 7 about to crash into the shore or, die. As men approach the shore of life they cry out how much more fulfilling life could have been if they had been allowed to live longer.Their lives would be so much richer if they were allowed to dance in the â€Å"green bay. † The green bay representing life because it is full of living things such as algae and seaweed. However their future actions  "frail deeds† will not be able to come to fruition because they must die. Stanza four speaks of â€Å"wild men† those who grab life by the horns and live it to the fullest â€Å"wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight† line 10 only to discover that the life they lived so charismatically is slowly oming to and end as they wither with age. The â€Å"sun† in line 10 represents the beauty that exists in the world, and â€Å"flight† as in across the sky symbolizes the life span that moves quickly to the sunset of our days. In opening with â€Å"Grave men, near death, who see with blinding light† line 13 in stanza five Thomas uses the pun â€Å"grave† to speak of the seriousness of a dying man. As men grow older they begin to lose the sense of sight, however the speaker states they will â€Å"see with blinding light. line 13 Even though they may be suffering from loss of physical sight they can see with perfect clarity that end is ne ar and while they may not be in control of the timing of their death they certainly choose the manner in which they handle it. The speaker suggests they â€Å"blaze like meteors† line 14 and go out with a bang instead of giving into to death without a fight. Finally in the last stanza of the poem we get to the heart of the matter. The speaker is addressing his father who is on the verge of death.The father’s death is devastating and the speaker implores him to fight passionately against it and leave this life heroically. The poem ends with the two lines that were repeated throughout the entire poem â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night, Rage Rage against the dying of the light† lines 18 and 19 the speaker is begging his father to not submit to death but to fight it every step of the way. Works Cited Dylan Thomas. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Robert Zweig. 10 th Ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2012. 959 – 960. Print

Critically Analysed Global Tourism Market Terms Tourism Essay Example

Critically Analysed Global Tourism Market Terms Tourism Essay Example Critically Analysed Global Tourism Market Terms Tourism Essay Critically Analysed Global Tourism Market Terms Tourism Essay Today, the concern positions and growing have changed. Now, a companys vision and mission is non merely to gain net incomes but develop trade name image and wanting to be top in that concern. These desires make manner to spread out its concern globally merely after being a good local participant. For traveling planetary it needs to look at many facets and need to hold right scheme, feasibleness analysis and hazards analysis. Execution of program at the right clip, topographic point and market with right client can take to success. This study contains critically analysed planetary touristry market footings and rules effectual for any administration and different schemes to be adopted depend on state. E-commerce advantage, Furthermore footfalls to follow these schemes which would do it successful and different from its rivals. 2. Global Tourism Trend Tourism is of import and quickly turning industry in service sector. It contributes about 11 % of the entire universe s GDP ( Gross domestic merchandise ) and one of the highest among the service sector Fig1. Contribution to universe GDP ( WTTC, 2008 ) In twelvemonth 2008 international touristry reach 992 million up by 2 % from old twelvemonth and gross rise by 1.7 % i.e. US $ 944 billion while add-on of US $ 183 billion from international rider leads to US $ 1.1 trillion. The top states of visit along with gross grosss Fig2. Top states ( WTTC, 2008 ) Visitors travel for assorted grounds to cognize generic growing of touristry it s truly of import to cognize intent of visit Fig3. Purpose of visit ( WTTC, 2008 ) Harmonizing to Fiona Jeffery president of universe trade market and Redyouter touristry industry suffered reverse of 4 % i.e. 880 million in 2009. Due to planetary recognition crunch, rising prices, falling disposable income, increase fuel monetary value and swine grippe are major grounds. Still it claims growing of 3 to 4 % by 2010 and predict appraisal of 1.6 billion travelers by 2020. Furthermore it states that civilization, heritage and historical section of touristry will turn at a high rate in near future. ( Redyouter, 2010 ) , ( onecaribbean, 2008 ) Fig4. Tourist from 1950 to 2010 ( UNWTO, 2009 ) 3. Overview By part 3.1 UK Tourism United Kingdom is one of the major finishs of touristry. Furthermore it adds to the state s economic system, increases employment. In twelvemonth 2007, 123.45 million trips with disbursement ?21,238 million. While 2008 trips declined by 4.6 % i.e. 117.71million but disbursement was nt affected lowered by 0.62 % i.e. ?21,107million. This was due to economic lag, rising prices, increase fuel monetary value and hapless conditions during twelvemonth. But easy recovers as it is one of the major tourer attractive forces in universe. Fig5. Trips and Spending ( Visitbritain, 2008 ) UK has a assortment of attractive forces such as Amusement and subject Parkss Castle, Palaces A ; Stately places Zoo, Parks, Gardens and Safari Parkss Museums A ; Galleries Churchs, Cathedrals and Abbeys Landmarks A ; Historic sites Other attractive forces are Harrods, The Globe Theatre, British Library, Ruthin, Camden Market, Paddington station. The major tourer finishs located in UK are England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. However the popular topographic points are England and Scotland. While if we compare portion of the trips to the population distribution in topographic point England and Northern Ireland have less portion compared to Scotland and Wales. Fig6. Trips and Population ( Visitbritain, 2008 ) Every touristry trips have different intent behind it. This may change from individual to individual and metropolis to metropolis like: Holiday Trips 1-3 darks 4+more darks VFR ( Visiting friends and relations ) Business/work If we compare overall trips to UK, England and Scotland have more holiday trips compare Wales and Northern Ireland. Furthermore VFR and Business are major in England comparison to others Fig7. Purpose of visit ( Visitbritain, 2008 ) Furthermore it s truly of import to cognize sum spend by single differ upon the pick and services like good cordial reception, epicurean suites and first-class manner of travel. This sum besides varies from metropolis to metropolis as some of the topographic points are dearly-won due to their popularity. This cost is of import factor in touristry. Fig8. Spending by Purpose ( Visitbritain, 2008 ) Therefore we can see that England is major topographic point for vacations in UK. This involves the topographic points like East Midlands, East of England, South East England, South west England, North west England, North east England, Yorkshire and West Midlands. Fig9. England ( Visitbritain, 2008 ) In England no of tourer are attracted to East Midlands which consist topographic points like Derbyshire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Nottinghamshire Rutland 3.2 Nottingham touristry Nottingham is of import metropolis an unchallenged capital of East Midlands. It s been 9th largest topographic point in England in footings of travel and work. The population is about 260,000 where 3 million can be reached within hr thrust. More of import in footings of occupation creative activity it s the fastest turning metropolis in UK. Advantage is 120 stat mis from London and 50 stat mis from Birmingham. This makes it really convenient and easy to see Nottingham from these topographic points Nottingham has neer been off from history as memory of legendary hero Robin Hood along with its historic antagonist the sheriff of Nottingham. Other than that it has many other historical and new attractive forces such as: Nottingham palace and art gallery Sherwood Forest Wollaton park, Clumber park, Rufford state park, Colwick park and Victoria park The Galleries of justness, Lace market and Corner house Nottingham sphere and Nottingham Royal concert hall are celebrated for unrecorded music in UK The Roman Catholic cathedral, Anglican parish church, St. Mary the virgin, Greater churches group are Historic edifices ( enjoyengland, 2009 ) However 2009 councillorA Leon Unczur developed a committee to setup a universe category Robin Hood attractive force ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) Nottingham is said metropolis of caves, beneath houses, stores and offices 100s of caves exist some people are cognizant about this labyrinth construction. Nottingham has more semisynthetic caves than anyplace else in Britain. ( Cityofcaves, 2009 ) Fig10. Nottingham attractive forces ( enjoyengland, 2009 ) 4. UK Plague Political Political factors can hold a major consequence on concern and might even impact passing power of clients Political environment should be stable Government policies High Political support to touristry industry as it is one of the major turning industries in UK. Government positions on civilization, faith, historical memorials in state Encourage to increase touristry Government to keep and continue the historical attractive forces in the state Maintain peace in the state by being off from war and panic Economic The market the local and national economical construction needs to see long term. Interest rates Exchange rates of the state comparison to other major touristry topographic points Per capita income Inflation Economic growing in recent twelvemonth s GDP ( Gross domestic merchandise ) Taxes on concern Sociocultural Sociocultural affect concern and varies state to state. It s Important to cognize before doing any immense investing. Travelers have narrow mentality investing depends on pick, service comfort, intent Language, life manner, civilization drama of import function Easy manner to acquire visa to that state Peoples going expression for safety and wellness in 2009 touristry was severely affected by spread of swine grippe. Technological Technology plays a critical function and even helps to accomplish competitory border E-commerce growing Good substructure Super ferries and cruise ships for attractive force New land Bridgess and roads infinite touristry with engineering Easy cheque in and cheques out ( bized,2010 ) , ( halsbury,2009 ) 5. Footfalls Footfalls is little turning SME in historical Tourss concern with the vision History at your ain gait it s a household concern run by proprietor Mr. Roger and his married woman Judith. Company was started with two members studied from the nearby university and developed this concern. It s popular among the people who are enthusiastic about civilization and history. Isabella their girl is traveling to fall in concern. The concern was been set up 30 old ages ago and is rather successful. But is stagnated over a twosome of old ages 5.1 Current place The Business has grown up rather good and even the staff members have been increase to 15 full clip and 25 including partime. Mr. Roger is more involved in research and is a rather obstinate enterpriser and less bothered about the type of current tendency which concern demands. His manner of pulling client is by good quality services. He is loath to accept new thoughts and engineering. His selling schemes involves Booklets e.g. The Penguin history of 20th century and Discovering church architecture Airing unrecorded on local telecasting and negotiations about historical events Cds incorporating some historical research and events are used for selling Post answers to client feedbacks or snail mails ( said by Izzy ) Meanwhile Mrs Judith looks after the administrative portion of the concern. Her portion is rather nerve-racking due to miss of the staff and finally makes it hard to pull off things individual conveniently, while Roger is rather cognizant about it. Isabella girl of Roger and Judith returned home after working for six old ages as senior undertaking director in USA. While Max is the friend of Isabella who has degree in computing machine scientific discipline along with experience in cyberspace enabling and ecommerce as he has been a portion of a large air hose company in design of informations direction system. 5.2 Swot Strength Failing Family concern Personal relation affect determination Repute in concern More work burden Strong potency clients Lack staff Good research cognition Limited entree as no web site Customer positive feedback Lack cognition about international market Less competition as hard to prolong Loath to accept new thoughts and engineering Opportunities Menaces Explore new market Local and international rivals. New selling schemes Political barriers Innovate thoughts and bundles Maintain good will Premium monetary value due to repute and trade name image Loath to engineering may decelerate down concern Development of e-commerce Lose market portion 6. Porter s Generic schemes The competitory border be achieved with the aid of following schemes Fig 11: Porter s generic schemes ( mindtools, 2010 ) . Cost leading Strategy The company needs to keep medium cost and quality service Company should concentrate on addition market portion by take downing monetary value but still doing sensible net income because gross revenues have increased even when cost is cut down Due to strong monetary value competition new houses have trouble to last As clip alterations monetary values may worsen due to competition in such state of affairs company can keep its profitableness with aid of uninterrupted betterment Key point is company should cut down the cost of presenting merchandise and services while the cost paid the client may stay same Differentiation Scheme Differentiation scheme involves development of new thoughts and innovate services which more attractive than those of the rivals. Unique selling preposition ( USP ) can be achieved with the aid of its repute and quality of service over old ages which can assist them to bear down premium monetary value Effective gross revenues and publicity with e-commerce aid consumer to understand benefits of such offers while cost can be covered by bear downing premium monetary value Before old service loses demand new offer should be queue to keep the UPS ( alone merchandising preposition ) for company Focus scheme To concentrate on specific niche market this involves the clients like Leisure clients Business clients Independent travelers Package vacation shapers Specific age groups Offer services by understanding market demands and even run into client s demands Need to hold a proper expression on quality services and maintain healthy relationship with clients Continuous betterment in service and client feedback is truly of import Proper client focal point additions trueness and finally captures market and makes section less attractive for rivals ( mindtools, 2010 ) . 7. Selling Mix Marketing mix is combination of phases which needs proper planning and executing in order to accomplish success. It nevertheless includes construct of four P s Product, Place, Promotion and Price. ( Kotler, 2000 ) Fig 12: of import 7P s of selling Mix ( salesandmarketing,2009 ) Tourism industry merchandise is different from other it s non touchable. Product is service based for illustration experience of stay, breakfast, repast, wakeup call and visit to local tourer attractive forces are signifier of services which are termed as touristry merchandises Merchandise Addition of properties to the merchandise such as sole hotel, epicurean room, and good conveyance and conference installations with less monetary value within bundle which individually are expensive this benefits client to purchase such merchandise and additions satisfaction, relaxation, geographic expedition and acquisition Monetary value Monetary value is of import factor and is justice by quality of service, merchandise and trade name go manus in manus. Most of branded merchandises are ever high monetary value so original cost. Customer is ready to pay more hoping of some particular services. This psychological advantage can assist concern to distinguish between the bundles offered at the same clip by others and makes worth paying to the trade name image merchandise. Topographic point Distribution topographic point of merchandise is of import. There are two ways Direct distribution: the company takes full control of merchandise take it to market and promote in that peculiar topographic point e.g. trade with co-corporate and possible clients Indirect distribution: allow some little bureaus do local engagement and happen the possible clients in return can give some committee. Procedure Tourism concern involve many procedures such as planning, disposal, selling, preparation, distribution, schemes, enlisting, buying and on clip bringing. Need to do certain all procedures are good organised and run swimmingly in instance of job it should be rectified rapidly Peoples In touristry industry staff covering with clients should be first-class with words of oral cavity and advance excellence service. This can be achieved by preparation and wages system for work. Discussion among staff members can even assist to better merchandise and services. Focuss on type of client are leisure, concern, independent, holiday shapers and specific age groups. Physical grounds Evidence can be positive feedback from possible clients affecting quality of service and trades that can be publish or can be posted on the web site. This finally would pull more people and add value to trade name image. Promotion Promotion is of import facet of concern. The best manner of communicating channel should be selected which could make multitudes with clear aims of the concern. most of import is channel should be cost effectual. ( Capegateway, 2005 ) 7.1 E-commerce Technology Internet with E-commerce has been proved to be the best and consequence channel for touristry industry. Tourism is information based industry. E-commerce changed position of client Fig 13: Tourism E-commerce Model ( Si-quing liu,2006 ) Customer can easy see the topographic point of visit Engagements and payment can be easy done It increases efficiency and reduces the cost Marketing through cyberspace is easy, effectual and attractive Tourist have multiple options on bundles Customer can come in their budget and best circuit within budget appears with individual chink ( sole characteristic ) It can easy make the multitudes around the Earth finally company is branded internationally ( Si-quing liu, 2006 ) Fig 14: Internet gross revenues ( HVS, 2010 ) 8. Recommendations E-commerce engineering can be integrated in footfalls concern with aid of Max. This would present a new platform and give rise to concern. As Europe and USA is immense market. It can spread out their concern with aid of Max as he is born and have household in Italy while Izzy can acquire some co-corporate clients through her contacts in USA where she worked for six old ages Massive Selling can be done with aid web site and is cost effectual, However all booklets, research and cadmium s and feedback from valuable client can be uploaded on web site which can be read by people around the Earth Roger can even be on chirrup, upload picture on youtube, make communities on societal web sites like facebook, orkut and can be portion of web site linkedin.com where 60million people exchange thoughts, information and chances Footfalls can be spouse with STC ( sustainable touristry standards ) which helps to develop rules of touristry even ASTA ( American society of travel agents ) and Expedia which is UK no 1 high traffic touristry web site is besides portion of it ( alexa,2008 ) , ( sustainabletourismcriteria,2009 ) 9. Decision

defining a Patriot essays

defining a Patriot essays Ever since the towers came down, and the flags went up, there has been a widening split over the best way to fight this war on terror. New legislation created to deal with these threats was initially met with full support, as immediate action was needed to effectively respond to the attacks. In the past couple of years however, these laws have been more carefully scrutinized, and met with increasing opposition. The central issue to these concerns is the possible violations of civil liberties that these laws may allow. But the larger issue goes beyond the laws themselves, asking the question, Do the ends justify the means? In fighting this war on terror we have been forced to change the way we view and approach the world, and while most Americans agree that freedom is worth fighting for, we all have different ideas on how to protect it. One such piece of legislation, the Patriot Act, has become the poster child for people frustrated with the way the Bush administration has handled our security after 9-11. While there are questionable sections to the act that deserve our attention and analysis, the cries are more against the misrepresentation and disenfranchisement many are feeling. In fact, when it comes to protecting our country and promoting freedom throughout the world, we may be closer in policy than we think. The testimony of John Ashcroft to the committee on the Judiciary goes a long way in explaining why these rifts exist. Not only by what is said, but by the way he says it. Throughout this entire campaign the Bush administration has relied on fear to force people to accept its mandates. Mr. Ashcroft opens his remarks by reading off the names of 6 people killed on September 11th, and then goes into quoting the fanatical fatwas made against the United States by terrorists. This is used to put fear into our hearts, so that when he gets to the proposed amendments to the Patriot Act, we would find them...

How to Make Glass Using Your Grill

How to Make Glass Using Your Grill I know, I know... your grill is the cherished hearth-o-barbeque, but if you happen to have an old grill or a friend who has a grill but doesnt cook... or if you are a diehard pyro, you can make your own glass!How does this work? Well, you cant make just any glass in your grill. It needs to be glass that has a relatively low melting point, such as soda lime glass. This is glass made from grinding silicon dioxide (sand) with borax, washing soda or lime. Youre still going to need about 2000Â °F to make the glass, but if the ancients could do it, so can you. They would have used a fire with a bellows, but you can use a charcoal fire that is fed air using a vacuum cleaner.If you want to try this project, you can get details and watch the video of home glassmaking in action at Popular Sciences website, Popsci.com. Definitely watch the video. Its a spectacular demonstration, plus youll see why most people will choose to use their grill for steaks rather than making glass. FIRE!Colored Glas s Chemistry | How to Make Water Glass

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Finish part B and C - Essay Example As Ventura capitalists venture into CF ltd, CF ltd needs to function based on equity, and it ought to have a market large enough to validate the millions being invested in the company. Value refers to the combined elements that contribute towards creating the worthiness of a company. The venture capitalist measures the value of CF ltd through identifying certain attributes of the firm such as its assets, shares, liabilities and capital funds. That is an essential tool that aids in identifying the future expectation in company growth. In the proposed investment, Ventura ltd assesses how important and otherwise untapped value creation occurs through the use of anticipated technology and products, and also defining the revenue stream precisely. CF ltd aims at acquiring a new drug line. Most investors know that new drug targets have large barriers to entry due to regulatory processes. As a venture capitalist works on investing their money into the company, first it needs to monitor the company’s trends in the industry and how it conducts itself in terms of adhering to regulations. Knowledge about a crucial investment requires the investor to find established partners who are early adopters in validating a product and endorse it, allowing more sales. At what stage does the firm develop technology? Can the organisation identify and mitigate on its risks? Every business is vulnerable to risk in one way or the other; therefore, the management team needs to formulate strategies that counter the risks, which might damage the firm if it lacks mitigation policies. As CF ltd develops a new drug line, it renders itself to a number of risks; hence, it needs to employ technology that deals with any future uncertainties. As a venture capitalist, one needs to know whether the proposed products stand a chance in the market. As an investor, the competitive edge of a new

Healthcare policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthcare policy - Essay Example For instance, in some countries quality health assurance has been left to health care providers and other professional bodies, with no or little government supervision/regulation. Contrary, in other countries, particularly in those that the state is the principal funder, the provision of quality health care is done by the government thus making the healthy sector to be subject to various healthcare policies. Arguably, some of these policies have detrimental to the effective performance of health care practitioners as well as the overall healthcare seekers. Generally speaking, in many countries, DNP practices are regulated by various state licensure. This regulation in itself acts primarily as a barrier to the performance of the DNPs since it declines them the authority to practice to the fullest degree. For instance, despite the main objective of full practice authority, the practice laws and licensures vary significantly from state to state. According to the American Association of Nurse Practitioner (AANP), full practice authority basically refers to the accumulation of licensure regulations and state practices which allow the DNP to examine, diagnose, prescribe and treat patients, exclusively under the â€Å"licensure authority of the state board of nursing† (2014). As such, the DNPs with similar national certification and scholastic training could face an anthology of limitations when they relocate from their current practicing state to another.

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Developing an Evaluation Plan - Assignment Example The tools that will be used in the evaluation process include questionnaires, surveys, assessment tests, and weight scales. This paper aims at analyzing the methods of evaluating the project and their outcomes. Interviews are the main method of carrying out the evaluation process. The interviews will be conducted face to face by the dietician and the physical exercise instructor. This is because these individuals have the knowledge of the project and they have the ability to interpret the non-verbal communication of the participants (Napoli, Shah, Waters, Sinacore, Qualls, & Villareal, 2014). In case these tutors need help they will recruit individuals who will help them to conduct the implementation and evaluation of the results. The diet and exercise tutors will also be involved in the interviews because they have knowledge of the questions that will help them to get the desired results (Wadden, & Stunkard, 2004). The face to face interviews will help in determining the attitudes and perceptions of the staff and participants who will take part in the project. These attitudes and perceptions will then help to know whether these members are willing to stop or continue taking part in the program. The interviews are efficient because they help the research to get unlimited, well-explained, and detailed responses. The other efficiency of interviews stems from the fact that the interviewers are able to read and interpret the body language of the respondents (Kang, 2012). The second method of evaluating the program is the use of questionnaires. Questionnaires are documents that contain questions that require written responses from the respondents. The questionnaires will be administered to the respondents occasionally to find out how they will be progressing with the program. The documents will contain both closed and open-ended questions to allow for

Balance of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Balance of Power - Essay Example To maintain the framework of power of balance from time to time force can be used in the areas support of the law. That may mean that it is used in maintain of the civil power or it may mean that it is used to set up an environment in which the rule of law becomes promising .The use of force is not good except it is in support of some concept of order. To give justification for hostility we be grateful to pray to the strength of the international system," the sacred soil of the homeland, the significant fortune of the country, the rule of international law, the magnetism of making the world safe for democracy, civilization, socialism or something similar" (A. Wendt, Summer 1995, pp. 77-81). International law is the exacting shape of order we have adopted to enable us to run a global economy; however Force is what recognized that order. Force perhaps lawful or illegal; it possibly intelligent or stupid; it may be in the benefit of the international community or not; however questions in relation to whether it is legal or not seem - at this phase of world olden times at least - simply dull. During domestic interaction individual does not inquire if an establishment is officially permitted or not. Balance of power can be defined as a structure to keep up a position quo wherever no alter in the presented supremacy system is made-up to occur. The perception of balance of power does not rule out the make use of menace or confrontation. It is primarily a system of manage and preventing transform to occur through maintenance aggressors in check.'Power is the ability to exercise influence and the ability to prevent influence from being exercised over oneself.' (Singer, 1972:54) We be alive in a world which is even more defenseless. Primary, it is weak for the reason that it is unlock along with since cross-border deal, journey as well as communication has not at all been easier. Subsequent, it is helpless as, in the midst of the international partition of labor in an always additional aggressive global economy, we function on progressively more very well limits of fault. It requires a great deal fewer responsibility sober financial harm to today's world than was the case thirty years before. "11 September together made understandable how a good deal injure a small faction might do to our humanity, and at the identical point in time provided a influential illustration with the intention of control the thoughts of the disaffected on behalf of decades toward approach. Nowadays, still, the potential of assault on an highly developed civilization all the way through substance, organic otherwise electronic resources are more and more accessible to persons or smal l groups. In a neither unlock civilization, neither the acquaintance nor the materiel compulsory to be able to reserved barely in the hands of Local administration. 11 September has revealed us what theses small groups are capable of be done lacking with a few of the function-built technologies of mass demolition; in the coming days demolition might be even further demoralizing. We are blessed to facilitate the instances of the two imminent together are so far relatively limited. " (J. Gilson, 'New interregionalism The EU and East Asia', European Integration, vol. 27, no. 3, September 2005, pp. 307-26) Factor affecting Balance of power From the time when unlike financial expansion charge apparently

How cell phones affected business in the world Research Paper

How cell phones affected business in the world - Research Paper Example This is especially in terms of communication besides ensuring that they can execute certain policies not only when physically present in the company but also while far away from the premises (Donovan, 2012). Consequently, cell phones have made everything fast and easy because it is just either the touch of the screen or press of a button, and individual attains what he or she wants (Diniz, Porto de Albuquerque, & Cernev, 2011). However, cell phones in the field of business have presented both merits and demerits mainly based on their usage. This is especially by employees who end up using them inappropriately for their gains (Diniz, Porto de Albuquerque, & Cernev, 2011). Enhance Business Flexibility When utilized as necessitated, cell phones pose numerous benefits to any business venture globally (Donovan, 2012). They normally allow for easy flexibility of both the business and employees while working. This enables one to work from anywhere irrespective of time, and still business ru ns smoothly, which is by offering the necessary directives, for instance, from business owners (Donovan, 2012). This is a positive impact on the businesses, which allows for extra flexibility not only to the owners but also clients because they are capable of both ordering and paying their bills using cell phones (MPESA) (Diniz, Porto de Albuquerque, & Cernev, 2011). For instance, suppose one is away from his or her office during a business trip, yet one can still communicate with clients and meet their needs. In addition, a person is capable of planning and holding meetings without necessarily being at the venue physically through a teleconference (Diniz, Porto de Albuquerque, & Cernev, 2011). Presently, numerous cell phones are Internet-enabled, implying they can perform similar and even more efficient functions than an ordinary computer. For instance, these functions embrace sending emails, conversing, browsing the Internet and typing documents irrespective of the user’s l ocation (Donovan, 2012). These features enable users to be updated with the current ongoing events besides being able to meet his or her prospective customers and suppliers. For instance, suppose a client is in need of a proposal, so one can send it to him or her via uploading it via the phone where the receiver gets it within seconds (Diniz, Porto de Albuquerque, & Cernev, 2011). Making the World a Global Village Cell phone knowhow has also turned the world into a global village in diverse ways (Diniz, Porto de Albuquerque, & Cernev, 2011). For instance, one can easily communicate with diverse people globally without necessarily being together physically, which also applies to both buying and selling varied merchandise. This is aided by phone enabled features such as emails, teleconferencing, and social sites (FaceBook and Tweeter) to relay information from the sender to a large pool of clientele within seconds. A businessperson can hold conference meetings with fellow business peo ple by teleconferencing or via Skype. This is much easier and faster due to a cell phone’s portability that prompts even workers to execute some of their roles while far from their respective working venues (Curwen & Whalley, 2010). This is evident currently with some global corporations which find it easy to deploy their staff in diverse

Balance of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Balance of Power - Essay Example To maintain the framework of power of balance from time to time force can be used in the areas support of the law. That may mean that it is used in maintain of the civil power or it may mean that it is used to set up an environment in which the rule of law becomes promising .The use of force is not good except it is in support of some concept of order. To give justification for hostility we be grateful to pray to the strength of the international system," the sacred soil of the homeland, the significant fortune of the country, the rule of international law, the magnetism of making the world safe for democracy, civilization, socialism or something similar" (A. Wendt, Summer 1995, pp. 77-81). International law is the exacting shape of order we have adopted to enable us to run a global economy; however Force is what recognized that order. Force perhaps lawful or illegal; it possibly intelligent or stupid; it may be in the benefit of the international community or not; however questions in relation to whether it is legal or not seem - at this phase of world olden times at least - simply dull. During domestic interaction individual does not inquire if an establishment is officially permitted or not. Balance of power can be defined as a structure to keep up a position quo wherever no alter in the presented supremacy system is made-up to occur. The perception of balance of power does not rule out the make use of menace or confrontation. It is primarily a system of manage and preventing transform to occur through maintenance aggressors in check.'Power is the ability to exercise influence and the ability to prevent influence from being exercised over oneself.' (Singer, 1972:54) We be alive in a world which is even more defenseless. Primary, it is weak for the reason that it is unlock along with since cross-border deal, journey as well as communication has not at all been easier. Subsequent, it is helpless as, in the midst of the international partition of labor in an always additional aggressive global economy, we function on progressively more very well limits of fault. It requires a great deal fewer responsibility sober financial harm to today's world than was the case thirty years before. "11 September together made understandable how a good deal injure a small faction might do to our humanity, and at the identical point in time provided a influential illustration with the intention of control the thoughts of the disaffected on behalf of decades toward approach. Nowadays, still, the potential of assault on an highly developed civilization all the way through substance, organic otherwise electronic resources are more and more accessible to persons or smal l groups. In a neither unlock civilization, neither the acquaintance nor the materiel compulsory to be able to reserved barely in the hands of Local administration. 11 September has revealed us what theses small groups are capable of be done lacking with a few of the function-built technologies of mass demolition; in the coming days demolition might be even further demoralizing. We are blessed to facilitate the instances of the two imminent together are so far relatively limited. " (J. Gilson, 'New interregionalism The EU and East Asia', European Integration, vol. 27, no. 3, September 2005, pp. 307-26) Factor affecting Balance of power From the time when unlike financial expansion charge apparently

Information technology in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information technology in business - Essay Example unications CEO Richard Levick, Forrester;s George Colony, History Factory’s CEO Bruce Weindruch blog to reflect their online personality and the company’s culture. With less barriers to entry and minimal risks, blogging provides a source of livelihood to thousands of bloggers who post excellent content and maintain sincere relationships via forums, commenting, social media, and promoting others, thus reinforcing the popularity of the blog. Bloggers create a platform where they post content advertising companies’ products and strive to create traffic – company counts the number of times the ad has been clicked and pays the blogger at the end of an agreed period (pay per click) (Agger, 189-205). Favorite list of blogs; Treehugger, Copyblogger, Dooce, Basic thinking, and Go fug yourself. These blogs offer customized, science and technology related content that bolster critical thinking and exposes readers to real-life issues in the managerial and social environment. Copyblogger is useful for this course as it provides consummate information on how to be heard online be it in marketing, press responses, idea sharing, and knowledge expansion. Sample contents in Copyblogger can be accessed via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x612J-dupn8 The blogging field is controlled through written and unwritten laws where bloggers and firms are forced to ascertain the credibility of their posts and the implications that it might have on the larger online community. This ensures firms do not make unrealistic profits by unfairly duping consumers and that public hurling of abuses is circumvented as violators risk being fined, termination of their blogs, and jail term in extreme cases (Mergel,

Kingdom of matthias Essay Example for Free

Kingdom of matthias Essay The Kingdom of Matthias tells the story of Robert Matthews, who later took on the name Matthias the Prophet. A religious charlatan in 1830s New York, Matthews established a Kingdom of fanatical followers, causing a nationwide scandal. Matthews most fervent follower was Elijah Pierson, who was born into a strict Calvinist church upbringing but who quickly got swept up in the evangelical, perfectionist movement upon his move to New York as a merchant. Elijah married a missionary woman named Sarah, and together they established a Retrenchment Society and other organizations designed to spread the word of God. In her fervor, Sarah literally worked herself to death, and died in 1830. The event spurred Elijah toward madness as he attempted to raise Sarah from the dead during funeral. Elijah started to hear God speak and he adopted the title Prophet Elijah of Tishbe. Simultaneous to these events, Robert Matthews was born and raised in a Scottish community called Coila. His parents died when he was young, and after several of his sons tragically died, Matthews began to hear God and see prophetic visions. He adopted the name Matthias. In May 1832, Matthews visited Pierson, and Pierson became convinced that Matthews was Gods Prophet. Matthews used Piersons merchant wealth to establish The Kingdom. Matthews preached regularly to a small band of followers. Eventually, he came to regard Christianity as the Devils work, and his philosophy was full of anti-woman hatred. Matthews convinced a wealthy couple, Benjamin and Ann Folger, of his prophethood, and soon he established a community at the Folger home in Sing Sing, which he called Mount Zion. Matthews ruled his community with an iron fist, dressing extravagantly, bearing an unkempt beard, punishing severely, and lecturing frequently. Not content with the Christian conception of marriage, several of Matthews followers forsake marriage to be united in the Spirit of Truth. This caused a good deal of scandalous wife-swapping, as it might be called today. Matthews and Ann fell for each other, and Matthews proclaimed Ann as the Mother of the kingdom. Benjamin strayed to Matthews twenty-year-old daughter Isabella, as well as to a widow named Catherine Galloway. The sexual intrigue proved too much for the community, and Benjamin and then Ann revolt. Additionally, an increasing public outcry against the Kingdom and its scandals assisted in its dissolution. One day, Elijah Pierson, suffering from seizures, ate blackberries and soon after died. The public rumor was that Matthews, along with his servant Isabella Van Wagenen, had poisoned the man. Matthews was arrested and tried with murder after two doctors conducted an autopsy and claimed there was poison in Piersons stomach. However, the prosecution had only a flimsy case, and the jury found Matthews not guilty of murder, but guilty of assault (for beating his daughter), and so Matthews served four months in prison. The Kingdom of Matthias scandal is noteworthy for sparking the penny press newspapers, with their obsession with crime and scandal, a tradition that continues to this day with such periodicals as National Enquirer.

Defining And Understanding Discrimination Philosophy Essay

Defining And Understanding Discrimination Philosophy Essay Some forms of discrimination are unlawful under the act of law and some examples include Title VII of the Civil Rights Act as well as the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. But does it mean that acts of discrimination prohibited under the law are unethical and those that are not prohibited are ethical? If it is asymmetrical, where do we draw the line between acceptable and unacceptable discrimination, and whether or not it is ethical? To answer these doubts, the various principles and rules of Mills, Kant, Rawls, Aristotle, Confucius and Nozick will be explored and applied. Consequently, a stand on whether each of them is for or against discrimination of working mothers will be reached. Discrimination is no longer confined to the minorities. Gender discrimination in the workplace refers to situations in which an employer treats an individual or group of employees differently, based on their gender. This form of discrimination is chosen because such discrimination is a prevalent issue given that 66 million, which makes up 46.8 percent of the total U.S. labour force, comprises of women.  [ii]  Further, workplace discrimination may occur at any or all of these stages  [iii]   hiring, screening, promotion, compensation and discharge.  [iv]  In particular, discrimination against working mothers will be the focus. Utilitarianism is based on consequences and outcomes where the greatest happiness principle is used to determine the morality of ones actions. Utilitarianism can be broken down into Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism Under Act Utilitarianism, the decision is based on the consequences of a particular act and the case Denise Batt vs Palmece Ltd, t/a Comfort Inn, will be used. From the companys perspective, one of the reasons for its act of discrimination was that they needed a manager on the premise five days a week. However, when Denise went on sick leave for 3 months and a further 3 month on part time basis due to a burst appendix, no problems arose during the arrangements since there were reliable management systems in place. Hence, Denises absence during her maternity leave would not have caused much of a disruption to the company. In fact, it was when the company promoted her replacement to the position Denise was holding, that caused confusion among the staff. Further, by discriminating, the company lost a competent employee which is evident from Denises consistently good performance, her being held as a role model of good practice as well as the hotel which she managed winning hotel of the y ear within the group. In addition, the company departed from their normal procedures of job applications and this may result in them not selecting the most suitable candidate for the job. Further, as a result of the discrimination, the company had to compensate Denise. As such, there does not seem to be much pleasures arising from the discrimination. To determine the general happiness, the company has to take into account the happiness and pain of other parties and this includes Denises pleasures and pains. The pain Denise may have suffered as a consequence of discrimination include the loss of self-development opportunity, skills turning obsolete and deterioration of health while being able to focus her attention to care and nurture her children without the distractions of work would constitute the pleasure. In Denises case, the stress from such discrimination contributed to health problems. Further, the fact that she fought hard to keep her job by compromising and offering to work part-time showed that the job is of great importance to her. Also, she has been excelling at work and it is likely that she derives satisfaction from such achievements and consequently, higher pleasures. Hence, the pains of losing her job due to discrimination are likely to outweigh the pleasures. Taking into account the overall pains and pleasures of the company and Denise, under Act Utilitarianism, the decision will be against discrimination since it does not provide greatest overall happiness. (change company to name) Rule Utilitarianism Although a decision is reached under act utilitarianism, there is still a need to consider the big picture using Rule Utilitarianism to determine the long-term economic and societal impacts of discrimination. Firstly, the economic implications of discrimination on a corporation are determined. Discrimination against working mothers will not only affect the work attitude of working mothers but women in general. This is because for the majority of women, going through pregnancy and childbirth is a natural cycle and hence, they take such discrimination seriously because they will be the ones affected at a certain point in the future. This will lead to a loss of morale amongst women which negatively affects loyalty and efficiency. Further, discrimination lead to a loss of productivity since the competencies of mothers like Denise are not maximised. In a finding, it is shown that an increase in gender wage gap leads to a decrease in income per capital.  [v]  As such, discrimination has _____ economic implications on corporations. Further, the corporation may also expose itself to unnecessary law suits resulting in reputation loss which may further reduce its future profitability. Hence, wh en the corporation evaluates employees based on merits, it is most efficient way because they have the appropriate skills, competencies and knowledge and thus, promote productivity.  [vi]  which promote welfare. society, such overall goods and benefits would be extended to society leading to the progress of improvement of society.> substantiation (welfare promoted). On the other hand, there is no doubt that qualifications, skills and competencies are arguably the most important criteria for employee selection. However, as globalisations impact and effect becomes widespread, the importance and significance of cultural and social diversity is elevated. Such diversity leads to the injection of new and innovative ideas which is crucial in the ever-changing and fast-paced society. The benefits of diversity are evident in the study Impact of Diversity on Students: A Preliminary Review of the Research Literature where diversity was increasingly related to satisfaction, academic success, and cognitive development of all students.  [vii]  Hence, such beneficial effects are likely to spill-over to corporations when such students enter the workforce and improve company performance. Further, applying diversity directly to the workforce should yield similar or even multiplier effects especially in the present environment where multinational corporations, global operations and the influx of foreign talents are aplenty. Hence, discrimination, or rather, positive discrimination namely affirmative action yields economic rewards. Societal implications of discrimination Although discrimination has a negative connotation attached to it, it may not be that bad of a thing because it is shown that discrimination leads to an indirect increase in fertility.  [viii]  This is positive to societies, especially developed countries, which face the problem of greying population due to low birth rates. However, discrimination may lead to another trend especially for women who place great importance on their careers where they may postpone pregnancies, decide to not have a child, or turn to abortion in order to avoid the route to discrimination of a working mother. Also, there are societal costs of discrimination such as where more than  £30bn worth of talent is wasted due to the inequalities suffered by working women and disabled people, as reflected by the Equal Opportunities Commission.  [ix]  However, there may be greater social costs of discrimination. According to an ILO study, besides the wastage of human talent and resources due to the widening socioeconomic inequality at the workplace, it can have potentially devastating effects on political stability and social cohesion.  [x]  (EDIT) However, a positive consequence in one society may have a negative consequence in another. For instance, discrimination increases fertility rate which is beneficial for developed countries but not beneficial for developing societies facing overpopulation. Hence, the consequence of an action will vary as the contexts changes. In the context of a developed society, although the focus is on discrimination of working women, this has implications on all women because it is a cycle and taking into account the proportion of women in the workforce, and that women belong to different races, religions and cultures, the effect of discrimination on cultural and social diversity is huge. Further, with technology and globalisation taking on an increasingly larger role in the functioning of businesses and societies, the benefits of meritocracy diminishes relative to diversity. Hence, under rule utilitarianism, a stand for discrimination is reached. There is a conflict between the decisions of act and rule utilitarianism. In the case of Denise, discrimination would bring more pain than pleasure. However, in the long run, if the company discriminates, it will bring about more pleasure than pain. Also, there is a need to consider the duration of expected benefits and costs when deciding on the overall goodness of a decision. For instance, short term profitability should not be pursued at the expense of long term political stability. Hence, the pains of discrimination are disastrous while there are tremendous pleasures brought about by affirmative action. Hence, the decision is based on rule utilitarianism which concludes that discrimination should not be performed since the overall pain outweighs the pleasures and instead, affirmative action leads to greatest happiness. This is support by utilization analysis which remedies the disparate impact of unrepresented or excluded positions leading to better utilization and an increase in general welfare. Rawls Principles of Justice Under Rawls Justice as fairness, behind the veil of ignorance, a rational and self-interested person has no knowledge of his future race, gender, religion and status. A maximin approach will be used to efficiently distribute the various social goods using Rawls two Principles of Justice. The moral actor will select the way that is advantageous for him and since he will not want to belong to a group that is discriminated against, he will conclude that discrimination is unjust, be it against gender, working mothers, race, religion or age. Principle of Equal Liberty (egalitarian) Under the Principle of Equal Liberty, each person is to have an equal right to liberties and this includes but is not limited to freedom of speech, freedom of association and rights and liberties under the act of law. As Rawls quotes: liberty can be restricted only for the sake of liberty  [xi]  Such restriction is possible because not all liberties are on par and hence, certain liberties may be restricted in order to achieve greater overall liberties. Applying the principle, when an employer discriminates against working mothers to increase economic productivity and growth, the principle is violated because they are restricting liberty for the sake of an economic gain. Going by Rawls Principle of Liberty, liberty should not be traded for socio-economic advantages. As such, discrimination would be unjust. Difference Principle (distributive justice) The difference principle conveys a socialist approach where responsibilities and burdens should be distributed according to needs.  [xii]  In the workplace, working mothers may not necessarily be the least advantaged or the ones most in need because they are many other groups who have suffered a greater extent of discrimination or injustice such as African Americans or the blacks who may not even have an opportunity at a job to begin with. Hence, compared to working mothers, they are in a worse position. Hence, the difference principle is not applicable because one should start helping the least advantaged. If benefits were to accrue to working mothers, this will improve their position but at the same time, increase the disparity between working mothers and the least advantaged. This would go against the difference principle and hence, it is not applicable. Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle Equality of opportunity is the key issue surrounding discrimination because it directly leads to unequal opportunities. According to a study done by the University of Chicago, mothers are 44 percent less likely to be hired than women without children.  [xiii]  Adding on, according to a study of gender equality in the workplace, mothers are offered lower salaries and are perceived to be less committed compared to women without children even though they are equally qualified.  [xiv]  Hence, it is evident that discrimination leads to unequal opportunities. Rawls would thus be against discrimination since it violates the Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle. Rawls stand seems firmly against discrimination of working mothers as well as discrimination in general. In reality however, not everyone is equal. There are still people suffering from the unjust consequences of past injustice and inequality. Hence, even in the absence of discrimination such as in a system of meritocracy, this group of people have already lost the ability to compete at equal standing since they have been disadvantaged in terms of the opportunity to education or poverty and hence, are not as qualified. As such, there cannot be equal opportunity to being with. Thus, in order to achieve Rawls two principles of justice Equal Liberty and Equal Opportunity, some form of discrimination is required. This is done through affirmative action which aids in levelling the playing field and helps to restore the areas where such groups were excluded or underrepresented.  [xv]  Hence, even though Rawls is against discrimination, this suggest that he is for affirmative action, a positive form of discrimination It can be argued though, that it is a form of compensatory justice, and although the privileged group were not the ones who practiced discrimination, nonetheless, they still benefited from it and hence, it is only fair that they return them and hence, justifiable. do not add to the stand Or add to Aristotle compensatory and disctrimutive. Nozicks Entitlement Theory Applying Nozicks Entitlement theory, when discrimination occurs, the rights of those discriminated against are taken away by unjust means and hence, there is unjust original acquisition leading to unjust transfer. Oppression, rights and liberties being taken away, loss of ability to compete and psychological injuries are some of the many examples which unjust actions are exercised. As such, the Principle of Rectification comes into play. However, the principle does not take into account the damage that has been done on top of whatever that was unjustly acquired, and such damage are often unquantifiable. Hence, Nozick does not have a stand on discrimination because he is of the view is that as long as the act of discrimination is undone, it is just It does not matter whether or not sufficient compensation is provided. Kants Categorical Imperatives Kant takes a deontological approach and believes that one should act based on moral duties rather than on inclinations, interests and consequences. There are two Kantian Categorical Imperatives Principle of Universality and Principle of Humanity. Principle of Universality Under the Principle of Universality, we have to determine the relevant maxim which we at the same time, will that it should become a universal law. Assume a maxim of the employer: I should be allowed to discriminate against working mothers even though they are equally or more competent than other condidates. This maxim supports workplace discrimination based on pregnancy or childbirth. If this were to be applied universally, the economy will be filled with unsuitable employees leading to a decline in productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Further, given that one is intrinsically incentive-driven by nature,  [xvi]  women will no longer be motivated at work since they are not rewarded based on job related performance. If the extent of discrimination escalates, it may even result in social unrest and hostility. Discrimination will prevail, but only at the expense of social peace and meritocracy. Consequently, this will lead to a less efficient and productive society which a rat ional employer will not want as a universal law. Even if one were to argue that a society can function normally with discrimination from the Indian caste system, Principle of Humanity The Principle of Humanity states that one should treat people as a means to an end, and not simply as a means. Employers, by their acts of discrimination against individual employees, such as in Denises case, are be treating them as a means to their ends where the employee is a profit-making tool for the companys end of deriving profits. Accordingly, both categorical imperatives are not fulfilled and hence, to Kant, discrimination would be unethical and morally impermissible. Further, discrimination goes against Kantian specific duties of developing ones talents and capacities as well as showing benevolence towards others. Aristotle Virtues Aristotle focuses on achieving human happiness good life. Such good life is possible only for persons who practice virtuous activities. Examples of virtues include respectfulness, fairness, justice and compassion which lie in the mean. Discrimination against working mothers goes against the virtues of compassion, fairness, benevolence and hence, Aristotle is against discrimination since it is not virtuous. To achieve good life, one has to do the best thing a person can do with his life. To do so, there has to be a goal or objective. During Aristotles time, women were primarily responsible for childcare and domestic duties. According to the social theory, sex-based division of labour constrains and reinforces gender stereotypes of women as being emotionally expressive, nurturing and caring.  [xvii]  While men, being providers of the family, were portrayed as dominant and aggressive. Division of labour along sexual lines was most efficient and led to overall societal well-being. Discrimination based on sexual lines or status was common and seen as the best and most efficient way of allocating duties then. Hence, Aristotle is for discrimination. Do what you do best However, in modern society, such discrimination is less apparent and visible although still present. According to Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University, females tend to be higher than males in empathy, verbal skills and social skills.  [xviii]  Hence, women are better at certain jobs such as personal relations, administration, counselling and human resource as compared to men. However, since women are known to beest at childcare and domestic roles, according to Aristotle, that is what women should be doing. As such, even though women may be better than men in the abovementioned areas, the job goes to the men. Hence, Aristotle supports discrimination. In addition, depending on the purpose of the job, discrimination is against supported. For instance, if the job is to achieve uniformity in race, discrimination is allowed in order to achieve it. division of labor along sexual lines is most efficient and best promotes the general welfare because the natural (nurturing, sensitive, emotional) abilities of women suit them best to childcare and the natural (aggressive, competitive, rational) abilities of men suit them best to exercise authority and control over business and financial matters. (Which is in line with Confucius Ethics) Distributive Justice: Equal Work = Equal Reward Applying Aristotles distributive justice of equal work for equal reward, if working mothers work as much as other employees, they should receive an amount of compensation equal to the rest. Hence, Aristotle is against discrimination since it would be unjust under his principle of distributive justice. Compensatory Justice Aristotle supports compensatory justice as he is of the view that victims who have been wronged should be compensated. Hence, working mothers who have been denied equal pay or opportunity should be compensated accordingly. Extending Aristotles concept of compensatory justice to discrimination in general, he will be for affirmative action since certain injustice and past wrongs can only be amended through affirmative action. Equality consists in the same treatment of similar persons As Aristotle quoted, Equality consists in the same treatment of similar persons. The case Bliss v. Canada supports Aristotles view. According to Aristotle, even though working mothers are discriminated, so long as all working mothers are treated similarly, it is just and equal. This is despite the fact that working mothers also being to the bigger group of women yet working mothers are subjected to different treatment from other women which accords to discrimination. Hence, Aristotle is for discrimination. Doctrine of Voluntary Choice If discrimination is involuntary, such as unintentional discrimination or due to compulsion, the discrimination should not be adjudge as not virtuous or immoral. Confucius