Bba 360 Mid Term Exam - 1773 Words

BBA 360 Mid Term Exam 1. What were the traditional 4 functions of mgmt developed in 1912 by Fayol? What functions do you think are effective in the 21st century? The traditional 4 functions of management by Fayol are; Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. Planning is the step where an action plan is created based on the organization and team goal, objectives are created and deadlines. Organizing is the step where team roles, responsibilities and task are assigned. Leading is the step where managers motivate, and encourage team members to achieve the objectives and goals of the company. Effective leaders motivate and influence others to achieve their work. Controlling is the step where managers measure the achievement of objectives and goals set, and to ensuring that the organization is operating successfully. In the 21st Century, I believe that all the traditional 4 functions are essential for the success of a company. Any function is less effective than the other one. In order to have an effective management and leadership the 4 functions are essential to accomplish the objectives and goals of the organization. 2. What are Tuckman’s 5 Stages of Group Development? Tuckman’s 5 Stage of Group Development are; Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. Most teams follow this 5 stages for high performance. Forming is the stage where people get to know their coworkers and team roles and responsibilities are not clear. Storming is the stage where conflictShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagestaught a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses in management, marketing, and ethics. Prior to that he taught at the University of Minnesota and George Washington University. His MBA and Ph.D. are from the University of Minnesota, with a BBA from Drake University. Before coming into academia, he spent thirteen years in retailing with the predecessor of Kmart (S. S. Kresge), JCPenney, and Dayton-Hudson and its Target subsidiary. He held positions in store management, central buying, and

Essay Changes in American Society 1920s - 1228 Words

Republicans dominated the 1920s political scene. During this time period, many changes occurred in the United States. Both culturally and economically. This period is known as the roaring twenties. Republican Warren G. Harding, an obscure republican from Ohio, won the election of 1920. During this time period, republicans held the position of being against the admittance of the United States into the League of Nations. During his ineffective presidency, he helped streamline the budget, approved measures assisting farm cooperatives and liberalizing farm credit. After his presidency however, many scandals arose. Among them was the Veterans Bureau scandal in which the director of Veterans Bureau, Charles R. Forbes, was†¦show more content†¦It brought about yellow dog contracts, in which employee agrees not to join a union. And it also guaranteed trials for strikers held for contempt of court. The biggest change during the twenties was the social scene. In the 1920s there was a huge boom in consumer products. Due to consumerism, patterns of consumption and leisure made the 20s a distinctive decade. One of the biggest pushes for materialistic desires was advertising and the popularity of movies. Whether rich or poor, Americans began purchasing goods for pleasure as well as for need. Americans bought appliances, mass-produced automobiles, cosmetics, and fashions. What brought this huge boom in consumption was the introduction of installment buying. Installment buying was often utilized in the purchase of automobiles. Soon this buy now, pay later concept applied to buying radios, sewing machines, and refrigerators. The 1920s also saw the growth of the motion picture industry. It was highly influential and helped shape popular culture by promoting the diffusion of common values and attitudes nationwide. Soon movie studios began building elaborate movie palaces in cities, and by 1930, the movie attendance grew to about 115 million. Movies performed many purposes. It created national trends in clothing and hairstyles and even served as a form of sex education. Another form of entertainment spawned around this time period wasShow MoreRelated The Roaring Twenties Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesof prosperity and change. The United States experienced a recession that was followed by a period of unlimited prosperity. Although the United States encountered both positive and negative experiences, it proved to be very influential in the future. The 1920s were definitely Roaring in more ways than one. There were major changes in American Society during the 1920s that took place. Many new industries emerged during this decade that influenced society and the American way of life. EvenRead MoreWomen Of The 1920 S 19391305 Words   |  6 PagesWomen of the 1920’s-1939 The 1920’s was an era of dramatic political and cultural change, where many Americans lived in cities rather than farms. Many inventors came to be noticed as new cars were invented and as music entered the entertainment industry. A new style of music was invented mainly in the African American community, creating the Harlem Renaissance; which was an evolution of music and entertainment in Harlem, New York City. The women of America began to evolve in the 1920s, adding newRead MoreThe Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe era of the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20’s, was a revolutionary time in which radical changes struck the American nation, drastically increasing advances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time per iod brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentationRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The 1920s And 1950s908 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920’s were a very important era in America for better or worse. There were many issues in relation to race and how people of different ethnic groups were treated. African American had a cultural rejuvenation that being the Harlem Renaissance. The advent of the Ford Model T change the way how people traveled. Many may say an era like the 1950’s were highly comparable. Race related issues were on a decline as America as whole sought to be more accepting and the oppressed started to speak out onRead MoreImpact Of Sports On Society1371 Words   |  6 Pages1920’s Impact of Sports on Society The 1920’s were an important time period in America’s history. The horrors of World War one were at long last over and society was collectively ready to move on to greener pastures. 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As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1210 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered the 1920s as a transitional period that shifted Americans society from traditional values to a new era of modernization. During this time, the economy boomed, which made the 1920s one of the most prosperous era in the U.S. The Roaring twenties was associate as the era of consumerism, the prohibition and the disillusionment with the American dream. Many historians and Literature scholars recognized F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, as the iconic book of the 1920s. In the novelRead MoreModernism : The Age Of Rebellion Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pages Modernism was a progress to society, in many ways it helped shape and form what we call the western culture. Modernism was a time period during the 20th century that promoted changes to the Western culture. Many of the changes occurred in the attitude and functioning of society, modernism is often referred to the age of rebellion. During this time many people were rejecting the social norms that have been practiced for years and finding more about their own individuality. Modernism was not onlyRead More Response to The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s 1408 Words   |  6 PagesPaula Fass’s The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s delves into the social and cultural climate of the 1920’s middle-class youth in America. Fass observes the multidimensional dynamics of the post-World War I society as citizens adjust to pertinent matters such as industrialization, prohibition and immigration. Amidst the ongoing social, political and eco nomical issues of the early twentieth century, youth played an active role in contemporary life. Adolescents responded to issues

Health Policy Role of the Proof in the Making of Health Policy

Question: Analysis about the Health Policy and Planning? Answer: Introduction: This study sets out proper framework for examining the function of research evidence within the health policymaking. This framework would be used for exploring ways in which, and reasons why as well as the time when national ministries regarding health utilization research proof in process of the health policy-creating, as well as which factors plus conditions support or hinder the evidence use. Additionally, it also analyzes as well as examines the ways in which role of the proof in the making of health policy could be compared amid nations. Proper theoretical framework also sets out here all the objectives and aims towards helping people to better understand about an institutional loom that can be helpfully applied towards exploring the differences within policy procedures in nations at vital government level, as well as whether such differences within processes also translate into dissimilarities in use of the research evidence within the making of the health policy (Brewah, 2009) . And through such people also aim towards contributing to literature upon international assessment in the public administration as well as public policy. While properly established within the comparative public strategy, institutions also have been underutilized because an investigative lens towards understanding factors which influence things like whether, why plus how research proof is utilized in the making of the health policy. Study on evidence utilization within the health policy also suggests that extent till which the policy-makers actually draw upon proof varies amid policies plus settings, as well as is prejudiced by the variety of factors allied with context as well as politics of the policy-making (Scott et al., 2003). But researchers of health policy often discover it difficult towards conceptualizing what they actually mean by the context otherwise politics. Such a task on such a topic thus seeks to discover whether a superior understanding of the institutional factors could help shedding the light upon context as well as politics of the use of evidence. The present reluctance towards use of the institutional analysis fo r explaining the differences within practices of the evidence utilization in a proper cross-country viewpoint might also be explained through divisions amid the academic disciplines as well as their dissimilar preferences regarding both foci on research as well as theoretical frameworks worn to examine all these. Institutions also are vital concepts within the political science as well as properly established like a path of analyzing all the political makings of decision and other processes (Coleman and Nicholl, 2001). Discussion: Public programs actually have absorbed very vast and huge quantity of money into health enhancement, social welfare and education, as well as justice. Moreover, result of programs is yet actually unknown whether to perk up lives of people or not as well as experts information is also not used within the policy choices. Gaps amid the research of the effectiveness plus policy implementation also are clearly demonstrated. Such gaps occur just because makers of the policy have dissimilar priorities. Some researchers have argued that ideological blinders, financial pressures in governmental financial plan as well as their self campaign coffers and also electoral realities as well as bureaucratic inertia, plus a host of some other factors which could make good information irrelevant, manipulate policy maker within the decisions making. Researchers also have also stated about the political concerns that it leads to some immune towards facts within the policy makers. Some people also said th at process of creation of public policies could be complex as well as messy plus policies are never merely technically sound, yet even politically as well as administratively practicable (CREESE, 1991). The most initial step of the process for making of the health-policy is the identification of the problem as well as agenda setting. In such stage, public issues can be political policy and agenda if problems are actually converted to the political issue. Evidence-oriented public health also enables to manipulate policy makers within the decisions of public health as evidence-based live out uses a proper form of evidence as well as focus upon clear reckoning in process of appraisal as well as evidence explanation. Evidence-oriented practice rises the evidence from a research that encompass very wide assortment of research for public health. Many types of researches which utilized evidence-based and proper proof oriented public health like descriptive and taxonomic, plus analytic, in terpretive as well as explanatory plus evaluative were seen to be very successful. Evidence as well as information also contribute to the making of the policy process via research plus consultative procedure or even published documents otherwise reports. However, expanding upon earlier arguments some researcher argued that actually evidence-based decisions of public health could be hold up by three forms of scientific confirmation. Type 1 is that something has to be done which is recognized by reasons as well as magnitude of the disease, severity as well as preventability. Second type of evidence demonstrates that which involvement or policy must be performed that might also effective exact intervention towards promoting the health. Type 3 confirmations describe the way on which something must be performed that how as well as under what situations interventions were applied plus how they actually were received. Such type of confirmation is useful within the decisions taken for publi c health because they might also improve quality as well as availability of evidence (Davis, 1987). Evidence intended for evidence-oriented policy could be recognized in two forms, quantitative evidence as well as qualitative evidence. In reality both of these forms are vital for evidence that are policy relevant. Quantitative evidence intended for making of policy, that provides information and data within the numerical quantities, gets collected from several sources, like the scientific data and information in the journals that are all peer-reviewed, public health observation systems, otherwise evaluations of people programs otherwise policies. Quantitative confirmation, for instance occurrence, incidence as well as cumulative incidence, might also express magnitude plus severity of the public health issues through regularity or the proportion as well as rates measurements yet this form of evidence gives little know-how and less understanding of the reasons why few relations exists. On other hand, the qualitative evidence otherwise non mathematical data might be undertaken from p rocesses like participants, assemblage interviews, and otherwise focus sets. Such qualitative evidence might also influence policy discussions, setting priorities plus proposing the policy answers by telling the persuasive stories. Moreover, as per Rychetnik et al (2004) a qualitative evidence which is expert choice is positioned on lowest phase in levels of the evidence and hierarchies as well as identified like least reliable type of the evidence on effectiveness of the interventions. Nonetheless, combination amid two forms of the evidence leads towards a stronger influential impact within making of the policy procedure than utilizing only single type of the evidence (Delcheva, Balabanova and McKee, 1997). Evidence-oriented practitioner must also build brutal evidence towards convincing the public health makers of the policy. It has been proposed by several researchers that three concept exist towards achieving an extra evidence-oriented loom towards policy of the public health. First, the scientific data and information upon programs plus policies is needed to make extra effective within health endorsement. Second, mix amid the information about the evidence-based making of policy from peer-reviewed journals and realities of very specific entertainment of the real-world are needed to decipher science towards practice. Third is proof of the effectiveness of interference that must be learned in varied-scale constantly at state as well as local levels (Rutten and Freens, 1986). It is also suggested that evidence must show the public health saddle, identify precedence of the issue over several others, current relevance at regional level, demonstrate benefits as well as harm from the invol vement, clarify issue through how much populace lives are exaggerated, plus estimation of the cost of the intervention. Analysis: In article instance that is related to HBV immunization policy within US, this is obvious that policy also was based upon convincing the evidence, in such case and was an epidemiological information and data. As per these data that were taken from several sources, like society for cancer within America and the centers for any disease control as well as Prevention demonstrated that the chronic HBV contagion is also responsible for majority of the morbidity related to the HBV and the mortality. Few quantitative evidence also were provided like 1.4-2 million (0.4%) populace had persistent HBV infection. This policy even relied upon many other winning policy interventions that might also produce same result if HBV immunization also was implemented within the population. CDC even reported that occurrence of the acute infection of HBV has decreased to some 80% which also was largely because of universal programs for vaccination intended for children. Trait of the HBV infected populace was even identified like 2.7-11% all among injecting the drug users. The evidence convincingly demonstrated that there existed some or other correlation amid the HBV as well as HIV infection. Natural past of disease even clearly recognized led towards assumption which HBV vaccination also was vital for the community (Donaldson and Gerard, 1989). Next phase of process for making of the health policy is in reality the formulation of the policy. In such a stage, policies also are devised otherwise changed to some novel policies. Formation pahse, which also is referred to the policy design otherwise development, precise attention would be supplied when the policies are also examined regarding issues. As per researchers like Brownson Stamatakis (2009) the making of the health policies within public health carry out is multifaceted and also depends upon assortment of the scientific, financial, social, as well as political forces. Moreover, vast quantity of people also wants policy as well a s practice to get relied upon best systematic evidence. Also maximizing the effectiveness of the policy as well as efficiency depends upon evidence base. On other hand, the policy makers need a sensible as well as justifiable policy answer. Therefore, health public carry out must develop a very convincing message on the basis of study evidence towards explaining the policy makers the ways for intervention that might solve problems of the public health. Towards developing the policy formulation, study evidence must be reviewed as well as evaluated prior to getting proposed to the policy makers. Main objective and aim of research evaluation actually is to establish degree of the credibility which is validity plus dependability of the information as well as usefulness like the relevance plus the generality within a diverse context. Systematic Reviews as well as Critical Appraisal also are needed in the process of evidence review as the guide to comprehend research processes. Methodical review accomplishment leads towards the practitioners as well as policymaker to comprehend all of the relevant data and information, the ways in which evidence was gathered as well as assembled, plus ways through which conclusions in addition to recommendations speak about information (Gaal, Evetovits and McKee, 2006). Then, result of the evidence review would be incorporated within the social consideration that also is obtained from all the practitione rs, makers of the policy plus customer to produce the evidence on the basis of suggestions. Via the methodical appraisal of the research, the actual public health carries out enables to display effectiveness of the interventions on the basis of the available evidence. In some other words, evidence-oriented recommendations also are on the basis of the nature as well as strength of evidence. Additionally, recommendations must be evaluated regarding balance of the advantages as well as disadvantages otherwise benefits of the interventions should be considered against costs. Moreover, systematic review even tends to carry a narrow plus regressive understanding of nature of the evidence that leads to keep out a varied range of study-based data plus professional knowledge that might be vital to development of the policy. Thus, mixes amid the systematic review as well as narrative appraisal might bring believable evidence other than the methodical review alone (RUSSELL, 1996). It is also obvious within article instance that recommendation of the HBV immunization within US was on the basis of previous study evidence. If any study is adequately good, it would confirm as well as quantify causal relationship amid intervention as well as its belongings where such a relationship exists. A proper and good research would also help people to understandthe reasons whyan involvement seems to be very effective or useless. It also has very long been understood thatthe policy for public health, in type of the laws, regulations, as well as guidelines, also has a philosophical effect upon the health status. Such as, in the review of some great achievements of the public health of 20th century,every single study was prejudiced by the policy alterations like seat laws regarding belt otherwise regulations the govern the permissible place of work exposures. Because along with several decision-making procedures within the public health carry out, formulation of the health policies also is very complex as well as depends upon a varied scientific, financial, social, as well as political forces (Nyakunu and Rogerson, 2 014). Implementation of the policy for evidence-based is getting encouraged within every public sector, counting health care, within several developed nations (Gpffarth and Henke, 2013). Although utilization of the evidence-based carry out started within the medicine and its influence now is seen in all the public health, carry out in several nations is being distorted by the medicine which is evidence-based, as well as an alike transformation within the health scheme is greatly needed. In United Kingdom as well as some other developed nations much concentration has been actually paid to role of the evidence could have in enhancing and improving the health policy, yet there is less research upon progress of the policy that is evidence-based in nations that are still developing. In addition, fields of the public health plus the care intended for people along with the mental illness also are rarely analyzed to determine extent of continuation of the policy that is evidence-based. Evidence-based and evidence oriented decisions upon value as well as applicability of the intervention which is drawn on the knowledge of effectiveness of the identical, similar otherwise analogous involvement, usually which is carried out as well as evaluated within a dissimilar setting at some different time. Towards assessing transferability of the evidence related to the intervention data and information is also required upon the intervention and the assessment context, as well as relations amid intervention as well as its context. Some major restriction of the conventional appraisal criteria also is their inattentiveness to sufficiency of these contexts of evidence. The public health intrusion is rarely the standard package. Towards assessing the transferability, data and information is also required on multiple elements of the intervention. This must also include all the details about design, growth and release of several intervention plans and strategies. Data and information is even needed upon characteristics of populace for whom intrusion was effective, as well as characteristics of all those intended for whom this was fewer effective otherwise even damaging. For several interventions, understanding and knowledge of aspects which influence the sustainability as well as dissemination would also be extra vital and important. Such factors might also be intrinsic to path of intervention plans and strategies were also delivered, otherwise related to background in which they also were implemented. The accessibility of any such data and information is the marker of quality of the evidence upon interventions of the public health (Leys, 2003). Background factors generally interact along with the interventions, still simple interventions like educational carry out and programs.Consequence modification might also arise through elements of the intervention like, skill as well as experience of professional and expert public health employees responsible for particu lar intervention, otherwise context for instance, cultural individuality of community within which intervention also is studied. All the interactions amid the interventional as well as contextual elements can also have some vital implications. Initially, they also are probable to influence transferability of intrusion as well as they even make an evaluation of the transferability extra difficult. Secondly, the interactions deeply complicate all the attempts to group the outcomes of several dissimilar studies (Kiil, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, the evidence-oriented public health also is vital in the making of the policy for public health because the evidence-based loom also enables towards providing the policy suggestion on the basis of convincing the evidence brought in from the rigorous study. Since several determinants also influence the public health, psychoanalysis of the quality as well as quantity evidence even is indispensable to induce policy makers within the identification of the policy priorities as well as best public health interference. Such an essay even suggest that earlier as well as better scientific data and information might also influence the public assumption within the public health that also leads towards supporting the evidence-based making of the policy in the public health involvement. Actually there exists a substantial gap amid what research demonstrates is effectual as well as policies which are endorsed plus enforced. Proper definition of the policy is generally very broad, co mprising of laws, regulations, as well as judicial rulings in addition to the agency guidelines as well as priorities of the budget.In very systematic investigation of the model public health regulations such as public health rule or personal policy which is publicly suggested by minimum single firm for acceptance by the government bodies otherwise by the specified confidential entities. Most general model laws actually were intended for the control of the tobacco, injury prevention, as well as school health, while least general enclosed topics comprised of hearing, and prevention from heart disease plus also public health communications, as well as rabies control. The researchers are most probable to control policy development via a comprehensive procedure of the communication as well as interaction. In a nutshell here are all the details related to the need and importance of evidence in the policy making for the health care issues and many other aspects and programs related to the health care and interventions regarding the same. This study will help the reader to properly understand all the facts and details and data as well as all information regarding the utilization of proper evidence based and proof oriented study for formulation of any current health care and health considering strategy plus plan as well as policy. References Brewah, H. (2009). Policy formulation and implementation. Primary Health Care, 19(2), pp.35-38. Coleman, P. and Nicholl, J. (2001). Influence of evidence-based guidance on health policy and clinical practice in England. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 10(4), pp.229-237. CREESE, A. (1991). User charges for health care: a review of recent experience. Health Policy and Planning, 6(4), pp.309-319. Davis, K. (1987). Research and policy formulation. Health Policy, 7(3), pp.295-296. Delcheva, E., Balabanova, D. and McKee, M. (1997). Under-the-counter payments for health care: Evidence from Bulgaria. Health Policy, 42(2), pp.89-100. Donaldson, C. and Gerard, K. (1989). Countering Moral Hazard in Public and Private Health Care Systems: A Review of Recent Evidence. Journal of Social Policy, 18(02), p.235. Gaal, P., Evetovits, T. and McKee, M. (2006). Informal payment for health care: Evidence from Hungary. Health Policy, 77(1), pp.86-102. Gpffarth, D. and Henke, K. (2013). The German Central Health FundRecent developments in health care financing in Germany. Health Policy, 109(3), pp.246-252. Kiil, A. (2012). What characterises the privately insured in universal health care systems? A review of the empirical evidence. Health Policy, 106(1), pp.60-75. Leys, M. (2003). Health care policy: qualitative evidence and health technology assessment. Health Policy, 65(3), pp.217-226. Nyakunu, E. and Rogerson, C. (2014). Tourism SMMEs and Policy Formulation: Recent Evidence from Namibia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. RUSSELL, S. (1996). Ability to pay for health care: concepts and evidence. Health Policy and Planning, 11(3), pp.219-237. Rutten, F. and Freens, R. (1986). Health care financing in the Netherlands: recent changes and future options. Health Policy, 6(4), pp.313-320. Scott, T., Mannion, R., Marshall, M. and Davies, H. (2003). Does organisational culture influence health care performance? A review of the evidence. Journal of Health Services Research Policy, 8(2), pp.105-117.

Narrative Technique in Gullivers Travels free essay sample

Despite the obvious satirical elements in this text, Gullivers unreliable narrative voice is a satire within itself. Mocking the travel narratives contemporary of his time, Swift utilizes the narration of Gulliver in order to criticize the naive and gullible English men and women who read travel narratives as factual documents despite the overt Royalist paraphernalia and overly descriptive aspects. The text commences with A Letter from Captain Gulliver to His Cousin Simpson, creating the framework of Swifts satire of contemporary travel documents. Within the very first sentence of this letter Gulliver already states that he urgently published this very loose and incorrect account of [his] travels. This statement signals to the reader that Swift is purposely conveying his narrator as unreliable, and furthermore, he writes I do here renounce a paragraph about her Majesty the late Queen Anne, of most pious and glorious memory. The statements conjointly set up Swifts satire of the travel narrative with both elements of loose and incorrect travel accounts, as well as a parody of Royalist paraphernalia. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Technique in Gullivers Travels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The writing flows along as the narrators thoughts and memories surface within his mind, with some ideas sparking new ones, which leads to a chain of connected clauses. This style gives the writing a diary or travelogue like quality, where one continues the train of thought unabated. Another particular style found in the writing is the deadpan explanation of details, especially quantitative details. The narrator rarely elaborates on how he is feeling or thinking, but supplies the reader with an abundance of facts and figures of his surroundings and situation. The unreliability of the narrator runs throughout the text, and is presumably Swifts method of satirizing the unreliable narrations of English traveller’s accounts of their own travels to new lands. In Part I, A Voyage to Lilliput, Swift writes that when Gulliver first arrived upon Lilliput he conjectured [it] was about eight oclock in the evening was extremely tired drank [brandy] and slept above nine hours. The most intriguing aspect of this section is that Swift conveys his narrator as overly exhausted, drunk off of brandy, and delirious from his swim to shore; therefore, Swift is purposely setting up a narrator who is obviously not in a state of mind where his perception is unclouded. Swift could possibly be satirizing the delusions of the English travellers who were writing back to England at the time, mocking that these captains were also drunk and delirious from their travels, and they quite possibly could be imagining the wonders that they described. Anyone who has read Samuel Taylors The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is aware of the effect that the desolation of the sea can have of ones psyche. Swifts inclusion of exceedingly exact measures and time frames is also notable in his attempt to satirize the travel narratives. For example, the narrator was aware of the exact time of day, and exactly how long he slept in the previous quotation. Furthermore, Gulliver narrates an entire paragraph concerning the description of the ancient temple in which he was to stay in Lilliput which exhaustively explains exact measurements of the gate being four foot high and almost two foot wide, and a small window not above six inches from the ground. Swift is able to mock the overly descriptive narratives of his contemporary British travellers by including overly descriptive and unbelievable measurements into the narrative of his protagonist Gulliver. Gulliver describes how the island of Laputa moves using this giant magnet, which is attracted to the Earth on one side and repulsed by it on the other. If they stand the stone upright with the attracting side face down, the island goes down, and vice versa. Gulliver is using the formal mathematical and scientific language of his day with all of this stuff about parallelism, attraction, and repulsion. But its clearly an imitation – none of Gullivers regular descriptions of things sound this stiff and difficult. Swift imitates different kinds of jargon and technical writing to show that the weakness of mankind isnt just limited to politics and morals; we write pretty badly, too. The Royalist paraphernalia within Swifts text is equally significant in his parody of travel narrators unreliability in which English men and women at the time believed as factual. Every instance in which Gulliver says something (or provokes from another) a negative response about England or Englands monarchy, Gulliver augments the statement with praise of England and/or the monarchy. For example, in Part II Chapter VII the narrator uses a pre-verification before he begins to tell a story in which his noble and beloved country was so injuriously treated. Swift then writes a strange effect of narrow principles and short views! in relation to the King of Brobdingnags lack of interest in gunpowder. Gullivers sarcastic tone could not possibly be any more obvious in this line, as Swift utilizes his narrator Gulliver as a representation of England as a morally corrupt and violent society. In this same section, Swift writes that Gulliver will hide the frailties and deformities of [his] political mother, and place her virtues and beauties in the most advantageous light. This statement is further demonstrative of Swifts opinion of the travel narratives in which the authors continuously praise their mother country, not because they were particularly Royalist Englishmen, but because their travels were funded by the monarchy, and therefore they must bootlick and grovel as much as possible so that their funding continues. The satirist finally satirized himself after exhausting every other subject possible. Or perhaps Swift instead admits that folly, finally, will always be part of humanity, and the self-awareness and cynical distance of the satirist are not the answer. Gulliver learns from the Yahoos the weaknesses of humanity, because he sees them without any redeeming qualities. But there is no place for Gulliver in a world without any of those vices either, because they cannot tolerate him. If there are two possibilities, as Swift seems to be saying, run from all humanity or accept humanity, Gullivers solution does not work. He is miserable at the end. He has rejected humanity, and his ideal world will not have him. This is not where Swift wants the reader to be at the end. If Gulliver has no compassion for the weakness of humans, then the reader must. If Gulliver cannot see the good in people, such as the wise sea captain, then the reader should. Essentially, Swifts Gullivers Travels is a text compiled of various layers of satire, and Gullivers narrative voice is satirical within itself. In representing the unreliability of contemporary travel narratives, as well as their Royalist purposes, Swift criticizes the English men and women who naively determined them as factual documents while he criticised the English imperialist acquisitions and aspirations.